An element consists of several identical atoms and is a substance that can not be further decomposed by chemical means. The mass of elements is determined only by the number of protons and neutrons, since the electron mass is negligible. Hydrogen with one proton and no neutron has the mass number 1, the next heavier element, helium, has the mass number 4 (2 protons + 2 neutrons).
The elements are usually named with the initials of their Latin or Greek names (from latin hydrogenium: hydrogen H, from greek lithos: lithium Li).
The periodic table of the chemical elements (periodic table) lists all the chemical elements with increasing proton number (atomic number) and according to their chemical properties, divided into periods as well as main and subgroups.
The period represents the number of electron shells, the main group, the number of electrons in the outermost shell (1 to 8 electrons). Group 1 and 2 and 13-18 are the maingroups, the group of 3-12 the subgroups.
The first element with one shell (period 1) and one outer electron (group 1) is hydrogen H. The next element, helium He, has only one electron shell and is therefore in period 1 as well. Since the first shell is completely filled with only two electrons, helium is not in group 2, but in group 18 (group of the noble gases).
To add more electrons, one needs to begin a new electron shell. Thus we find lithium Li in group 1, period 2 (two electrons on the first shell, one valence electron on the second shell). A shell can hold a maximum of 2n2 electrons, where n stands for the period.
From the fourth period there exist the groups (3-12) of the transition elements. After the first two valence electrons were added in maingroup 1 and 2 to the outermost shell, more inner shells are filled in the transitional groups for energetic reasons, before the outer shell is completely filled with electrons in maingroup 13-18.
The periodic table of the elements
|
|
Hauptgruppen |
Nebengruppen |
Hauptgruppen |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
| |
|
P
e
r
i
o
d
e |
1 |
HElement 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall |
|
HeElement 2: Helium (He), Edelgas |
| 2 |
LiElement 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall |
BeElement 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall |
|
BElement 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall |
CElement 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall |
NElement 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall |
OElement 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall |
FElement 9: Fluor (F), Halogen |
NeElement 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas |
| 3 |
NaElement 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall |
MgElement 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall |
|
AlElement 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall |
SiElement 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall |
PElement 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall |
SElement 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall |
ClElement 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen |
ArElement 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas |
| 4 |
KElement 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall |
CaElement 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall |
ScElement 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall |
TiElement 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall |
VElement 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall |
CrElement 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall |
MnElement 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall |
FeElement 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall |
CoElement 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall |
NiElement 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall |
CuElement 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall |
ZnElement 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall |
GaElement 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall |
GeElement 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall |
AsElement 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall |
SeElement 34: Selen (Se), Nichtmetall |
BrElement 35: Brom (Br), Halogen |
KrElement 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas |
| 5 |
RbElement 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall |
SrElement 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall |
YElement 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall |
ZrElement 40: Zirkonium (Zr), Übergangsmetall |
NbElement 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall |
MoElement 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall |
TcElement 43: Technitium (Tc), Übergangsmetall |
RuElement 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall |
RhElement 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall |
PdElement 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall |
AgElement 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall |
CdElement 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall |
InElement 49: Indium (In), Metall |
SnElement 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall |
SbElement 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall |
TeElement 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall |
IElement 53: Iod (I), Halogen |
XeElement 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas |
| 6 |
CsElement 55: Cäsium (Cs), Alkalimetall |
BaElement 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall |
LaElement 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall |
HfElement 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall |
TaElement 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall |
WElement 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall |
ReElement 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall |
OsElement 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall |
IrElement 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall |
PtElement 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall |
AuElement 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall |
HgElement 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall |
TlElement 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall |
PbElement 82: Blei (Pb), Metall |
BiElement 83: Bismuth (Bi), Metall |
PoElement 84: Polonium (Po), Halbmetall |
AtElement 85: Astat (At), Halogen |
RnElement 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas |
| 7 |
FrElement 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall |
RaElement 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall |
AcElement 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall |
RfElement 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall |
DbElement 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall |
SgElement 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall |
BhElement 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall |
HsElement 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall |
MtElement 109: Meitnerium (Mt), Übergangsmetall |
DsElement 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), Übergangsmetall |
RgElement 111: Roentgenium (Rg), Übergangsmetall |
UubElement 112: Ununbium (Uub), Übergangsmetall |
UutElement 113: Ununtrium (Uut), Metall |
UuqElement 114: Ununquadium (Uuq), Metall |
UupElement 115: Ununpentium (Uup), Metall |
UuhElement 116: Ununhexium (Uuh), Metall |
UusElement 117: Ununseptium (Uus), |
UuoElement 118: Ununoctium (Uuo), Edelgas |
| |
|
| CeElement 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid |
PrElement 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid |
NdElement 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid |
PmElement 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid |
SmElement 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid |
EuElement 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid |
GdElement 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid |
TbElement 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid |
DyElement 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid |
HoElement 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid |
ErElement 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid |
TmElement 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid |
YbElement 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid |
LuElement 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid |
|
| ThElement 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid |
PaElement 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid |
UElement 92: Uran (U), Actinoid |
NpElement 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid |
PuElement 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid |
AmElement 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid |
CmElement 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid |
BkElement 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid |
CfElement 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid |
EsElement 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid |
FmElement 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid |
MdElement 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid |
NoElement 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid |
LrElement 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid |
| |
| |
|
Alkalimetalle |
|
Metalle |
|
Halogene |
|
Lanthanoide |
|
|
Erdalkalimetalle |
|
Halbmetalle |
|
Edelgase |
|
Actinoide |
|
|
Übergangsmetalle |
|
Nichtmetalle |
|
Important elements in the semiconductor industry
| Element |
Particle |
Characteristics, application |
| B: Boron |
5p, 6n, 5e |
3 valence electrons: used for p-doping of silicon |
| N: Nitrogen |
7p, 7n, 7e |
Stable N2 molecule: inert gas, cover layer on top of the wafer |
| O: Oxygen |
8p, 8n, 8e |
Very reactive: oxidation of silicon, insulating layers (SiO2) |
| F: Fluorine |
9p, 10n, 9e |
Most reactive element: used for etching in combination with other elements (ie HF, CF4) |
| Si: Silicon |
14p, 14n, 14e |
Bulk material in semiconductor industry |
| P: Phosphorus |
15p, 16n, 15e |
5 valence electrons: used for n-doping of silicon |
Elements that occur on the left side in the periodic table are metals. These elements have an aspiration to donate valence electrons to achieve the noble gas configuration. On the right side there are the nonmetals, which are trying to accept additional electrons to achieve the noble gas configuration. In between there are the semimetals such as silicon and germanium.
Ø 0 